lities except for defensive actions necessary to respond to attacks against the protected works or installations and that their armament is limited to weapons capable only of repelling hostile action against the protected works or installations.
6. The High Contracting Parties and the Parties to the conflict are urged to conclude further agreements among themselves to provide additional protection for objects containing dangerous forces.
7. In order to facilitate the identification of the objects protected by this article, the Parties to the conflict may mark them with a special sign consisting of a group of three bright orange circles placed on the same axis, as specified in Article 16 of Annex I to this Protocol. The absence of such marking in no way relieves any Party to the conflict of its obligations under this Article.
Chapter IV. PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES
Article 57
Precautions in attack
1. In the conduct of military operations, constant care shall be taken to spare the civilian population, civilians and civilian objects.
2. With respect to attacks, the following precautions shall be taken:
a) those who plan or decide upon an attack shall:
i) do everything feasible to verify that the objectives to
be attacked are neither civilians nor civilian objects and are
not subject to special protection but are military objectives
within the meaning of paragraph 2 of Article 52 and that it is
not prohibited by the provisions of this Protocol to attack
them;
ii) take all feasible precautions in the choice of means
and methods of attack with a view to avoiding, and in any
event to minimizing, incidental loss or civilian life, injury
to civilians and damage to civilian objects;
iii) refrain from deciding to launch any attack which may
be expected to cause incidental loss of civilian life, injury
to civilians, damage to civilian objects, or a combination
thereof, which would be excessive in relation to the concrete
and direct military advantage anticipated;
b) an attack shall be cancelled or suspended if it becomes apparent that the objective is not a military one or is subject to special protection or that the attack may be expected to cause incidental loss of civilian life, injury to civilians, damage to civilian objects, or a combination thereof, which would be excessive in relation to the concrete and direct military advantage anticipated;
c) effective advance warning shall be given of attacks which may affect the civilian population, unless circumstances do not permit.
3. When a choice is possible between several military objectives for obtaining a similar military advantage, the objective to be selected shall be that the attack on which may be expected to cause the least danger to civilian lives and to civilian objects.
4. In the conduct of military operations at sea or in the air, each Party to the conflict shall, in conformity with its rights and duties under the rules of international law applicable in armed conflict, take all reasonable precautions to avoid losses of civilian lives and damage to civilian objects.
5. No provision of this article may be construed as authorizing any attacks against the civilian population, civilians or civilian objects.
Article 58
Precautions against the effects of attacks
The Parties to the conflict shall, to the maximum extent feasible:
a) without prejudice to Article 49 of the Fourth Convention, endeavour to remove the civilian population, individual civilians and civilian objects under their control from the vicini
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