of the Federal Migration Service (the FSM) for refugee status in Russia. On 5 December 2008 he was interviewed in the detention facility by an officer of the FMS, in the presence of his lawyer.
33. On 11 March 2009 the FMS refused the applicant's request for refugee status, stating "... there are no substantiated concerns that he would become a victim of persecution in Uzbekistan". The applicant appealed against this refusal to Zamoskvoretskiy District Court in Moscow.
34. On 2 June 2009 Zamoskvoretskiy District Court upheld the refusal, stating that the applicant had failed to provide sufficient evidence that he risked ill-treatment if extradited to Uzbekistan, and that he had applied for refugee status only after his arrest, which demonstrated that he was trying to avoid lawful criminal prosecution in Uzbekistan.
35. The applicant appealed to Moscow City Court. On 3 November 2009 the City Court dismissed the appeal as unsubstantiated and upheld the decision of 2 June 2009.
36. On 18 January 2010 the applicant lodged a request with the FSM for temporary asylum in Russia.
37. On 3 March 2010 the Russian Department of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees informed the FMS that the applicant's fear of politically motivated ill-treatment in Uzbekistan was well-founded and that he was eligible for international protection under their mandate.
38. On 12 April 2010 the FMS refused the applicant's request for temporary asylum and informed the applicant about it on 16 April 2010 without providing a copy of this decision.
39. On 30 April 2010 the applicant appealed against this refusal to the Russian FMS. The proceedings are pending.
II. Relevant international and domestic legal material
A. Detention pending extradition
and judicial review of detention
1. The Russian Constitution
40. The Constitution guarantees the right to liberty (Article 22):
"1. Everyone has the right to liberty and personal integrity.
2. Arrest, placement in custody and detention are permitted only on the basis of a judicial decision. Prior to a judicial decision, an individual may not be detained for longer than forty-eight hours."
2. The European Convention on Extradition
41. Article 16 of the European Convention on Extradition of 13 December 1957 (CETS No. 024), to which Russia is a party, provides as follows:
"1. In case of urgency the competent authorities of the requesting Party may request the provisional arrest of the person sought. The competent authorities of the requested Party shall decide the matter in accordance with its law.
...
4. Provisional arrest may be terminated if, within eighteen days of arrest, the requested Party has not received the request for extradition and the documents mentioned in Article 12. It shall not, in any event, exceed forty days from the date of that arrest. The possibility of provisional release at any time is not excluded, but the requested Party shall take any measures which it considers necessary to prevent the escape of the person sought."
3. The 1993 Minsk Convention
42. The CIS Convention on legal aid and legal relations in civil, family and criminal cases (the 1993 Minsk Convention), to which both Russia and Uzbekistan are parties, provides that a request for extradition must be accompanied by a detention order (Article 58 § 2).
43. A person whose extradition is sought may be arrested before receipt of a request for his or her extradition. In such cases a special request for arrest, containing a reference to the detention order and indicating that a request for extradition will follow, must be sent. A person may also be arrested in the absence of such a request if there are reasons to suspect that h
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