uments, issues will arise under Article 2 and/or Article 3 (see {Togcu} v. Turkey, No. 27601/95, § 95, 31 May 2005, and Akkum and Others v. Turkey, No. 21894/93, § 211, ECHR 2005-II).
101. Taking into account the above elements, the Court is satisfied that the applicants have made a prima facie case for the abduction of their relative Murad Gelayev by State servicemen. The Government's statement that the investigators had not found any evidence to support the involvement of State agents in the kidnapping is insufficient to release them from the above-mentioned burden of proof. Having examined the documents submitted by the parties, and drawing inferences from the Government's failure to submit the remaining documents which were in their exclusive possession and to provide another plausible explanation for the events in question, the Court finds that Murad Gelayev was arrested on 27 February 2000 by State servicemen during an unacknowledged security operation.
102. There has been no reliable news of Murad Gelayev since the date of the kidnapping. His name has not been found in any official detention facility records. Finally, the Government have not submitted any explanation as to what happened to him after his arrest.
103. Having regard to the previous cases concerning disappearances in Chechnya which have come before it (see, among others, Bazorkina, cited above; Imakayeva, cited above; Luluyev and Others v. Russia, No. 69480/01, ECHR 2006-XIII. (extracts); Baysayeva v. Russia, No. 74237/01, 5 April 2007; Akhmadova and Sadulayeva, cited above; and Alikhadzhiyeva v. Russia, No. 68007/01, 5 July 2007), the Court finds that in the context of the conflict in the Republic, when a person is detained by unidentified servicemen without any subsequent acknowledgment of the detention, this can be regarded as life-threatening. The absence of Murad Gelayev or of any news of him for more than ten years supports this assumption.
104. Accordingly, the Court finds that the evidence available permits it to establish that Murad Gelayev must be presumed dead following his unacknowledged detention by State servicemen.
III. Alleged violation of Article 2 of the Convention
105. The applicants complained under Article 2 of the Convention that their relative had been deprived of his life by Russian servicemen and that the domestic authorities had failed to carry out an effective investigation into the matter. Article 2 reads:
"1. Everyone's right to life shall be protected by law. No one shall be deprived of his life intentionally save in the execution of a sentence of a court following his conviction of a crime for which this penalty is provided by law.
2. Deprivation of life shall not be regarded as inflicted in contravention of this article when it results from the use of force which is no more than absolutely necessary:
(a) in defence of any person from unlawful violence;
(b) in order to effect a lawful arrest or to prevent the escape of a person lawfully detained;
(c) in action lawfully taken for the purpose of quelling a riot or insurrection."
A. The parties' submissions
106. The Government contended that the domestic investigation had obtained no evidence to the effect that Murad Gelayev was dead or that any servicemen of the federal law-enforcement agencies had been involved in his kidnapping or alleged killing. The Government claimed that the investigation into his kidnapping met the Convention requirement of effectiveness, as all measures available under national law were being taken to identify those responsible. The Government also noted that the applicants themselves had lengthened the investigation by complaining about the abduction more than a year after the events.
107. The applicants argued that Murad Gelayev had been detained by St
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