Постановление Европейского суда по правам человека от 04.03.2010 «Дело Савенкова (Savenkova) против России» [англ.]

ion, age, state of health, family status and other circumstances (Article 91 of the old CCrP, Article 99 of the new CCrP).
40. Before 14 March 2001, detention was authorised if the accused was charged with a criminal offence carrying a sentence of at least one year's imprisonment or if there were "exceptional circumstances" in the case (Article 96). On 14 March 2001 the old CCrP was amended to permit defendants to be remanded in custody if the charge carried a sentence of at least two years' imprisonment or if they had previously absconded or had no permanent residence in Russia, or if their identity could not be ascertained. The amendments of 14 March 2001 also repealed the provision that permitted defendants to be remanded in custody on the sole ground of the dangerous nature of the criminal offence they had committed. The new CCrP reproduced the amended provisions (Articles 97 § 1 and 108 § 1) and added that a defendant should not be remanded in custody if a less severe preventive measure was available.

D. Time-limits for detention

1. Two types of detention

41. The Codes distinguished between two types of detention: detention "pending the investigation", that is, while a competent agency - the police or a prosecutor's office - investigated the case, and detention "before the court" (or "during the trial"), that is, while the case was being tried in court. Although there was no difference in practice between them (the detainee was held in the same detention facility), the calculation of the time-limits was different.

2. Time-limits for detention "pending the investigation"

42. After arrest the suspect is placed in custody "pending the investigation". The maximum permitted period of detention "pending the investigation" is two months but it can be extended for up to eighteen months in "exceptional circumstances". Extensions were authorised by prosecutors of ascending hierarchical levels (under the old CCrP) but must now be authorised by judicial decisions taken by courts of ascending levels (under the new CCrP). No extension of detention "pending the investigation" beyond eighteen months is possible (Article 97 of the old CCrP, Article 109 § 4 of the new CCrP).
43. The period of detention "pending the investigation" is calculated up to the day when the prosecutor sends the case to the trial court (Article 97 of the old CCrP, Article 109 § 9 of the new CCrP).
44. Access to the case file materials is to be granted no later than one month before the expiry of the authorised detention period (Article 97 of the old CCrP, Article 109 § 5 of the new CCrP). If the defendant needs more time to study the case file, a judge, at the request of a prosecutor, may grant an extension of detention until such time as the file has been read in full and the case sent for trial (Article 97 of the old CCrP, Article 109 § 8 (1) of the new CCrP). Under the old CCrP, such an extension could not be granted for longer than six months.
45. Under the old CCrP, the trial court had the right to remit the case for an "additional investigation" if it established that procedural defects existed that could not be remedied at the trial. In such cases the defendant's detention was again classified as "pending the investigation" and the relevant time-limit continued to apply. If, however, the case was remitted for an additional investigation but the investigators had already used up all the time authorised for detention "pending the investigation", a supervising prosecutor could nevertheless extend the detention period for one additional month from the date he received the case. Subsequent extensions could only be granted if the detention "pending the investigation" had not exceeded eighteen months (Article 97).

3. Time-limits for detention
"before the court"/"during the

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