ptance or by non-payment;
(d) The time-limit provided by article 55 for presentment of that instrument for payment had not expired;
(e) He did not obtain the instrument by fraud or theft or participate in a fraud or theft concerning it.
Article 30
1.- A party may not set up against a protected holder any defence except:
(a) Defences under paragraph 1 of article 33, article 34, paragraph 1 of article 35, paragraph 3 of article 36, paragraph 1 of article 53, paragraph 1 of article 57, paragraph 1 of article 63 and article 84 of this Convention;
(b) Defences based on the underlying transaction between himself and such holder or arising from any fraudulent act on the part of such holder in obtaining the signature on the instrument of that party;
(c) Defences based on his incapacity to incur liability on the instrument or on the fact that he signed without knowledge that his signature made him a party to the instrument, provided that his lack of knowledge was not due to his negligence and provided that he was fraudulently induced so to sign.
2.- The rights to an instrument of a protected holder are not subject to any claim to the instrument on the part of any person, except a valid claim arising from the underlying transaction between himself and the person by whom the claim is raised.
Article 31
1.- The transfer of an instrument by a protected holder vests in any subsequent holder the rights to and on the instrument which the protected holder had.
2.- Those rights are not vested in a subsequent holder if:
(a) He participated in a transaction which gives rise to a claim to, or a defence against liability on, the instrument;
(b) He has previously been a holder, but not a protected holder.
Article 32
Every holder is presumed to be a protected holder unless the contrary is proved.
Section 2
LIABILITIES OF THE PARTIES
A. General provisions
Article 33
1.- Subject to the provisions of articles 34 and 36, a person is not liable on an instrument unless he signs it.
2.- A person who signs an instrument in a name which is not his own is liable as if he had signed it in his own name.
Article 34
A forged signature on an instrument does not impose any liability on the person whose signature was forged. However, if he consents to be bound by the forged signature or represents that it is his own, he is liable as if he had signed the instrument himself.
Article 35
1.- If an instrument is materially altered:
(a) A party who signs it after the material alteration is liable according to the terms of the altered text;
(b) A party who signs it before the material alteration is liable according to the terms of the original text. However, if a party makes, authorizes or assents to a material alteration, he is liable according to the terms of the altered text.
2.- A signature is presumed to have been placed on the instrument after the material alteration unless the contrary is proved.
3.- Any alteration is material which modifies the written undertaking on the instrument of any party in any respect.
Article 36
1.- An instrument may be signed by an agent.
2.- The signature of an agent placed by him on an instrument with the authority of his principal and showing on the instrument that he is signing in a representative capacity for that named principal, or the signature of a principal placed on the instrument by an agent with his authority, imposes liability on the principal and not on the agent.
3.- A signature placed on an instrument by a person as
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