ge decided to create a number of checkpoints on the way to the village to protect the inhabitants and provided those who manned those checkpoints with firearms. The applicant himself was not given any firearms.
9. In August 1997 the village was attacked once again; after that, several members of the local militia and the applicant fled to Uzbekistan.
3. Subsequent events
10. In February 1998 the applicant moved to Russia.
11. On several occasions the applicant travelled from Russia to Tajikistan. He obtained internal Tajik identity papers and a foreign passport in 2002 and 2004 respectively. His last visit to Tajikistan took place in September 2005.
12. On 6 February 2001 the Tajik Prosecutor General's Office instituted criminal proceedings against Mr M., a fellow villager of the applicant who had participated in the militia and fled to Uzbekistan in August 1997, charging him with banditry and organisation of an illegal armed group. The applicant was listed as one of the members of the group.
B. Criminal proceedings against the applicant
13. On 16 January 2006 the Tajik Prosecutor General's Office decided to bring charges against the applicant, stating that in August 1997 he had been a member of Mr M.'s illegal armed group and that such actions constituted an act of banditry punishable under Article 74 of the Tajik Criminal Code. It was also decided that the applicant should be put on a wanted list.
14. On 17 February 2006 the Tajik Prosecutor General's Office decided, in the absence of the applicant, to place him in custody.
15. On 15 April 2006 the applicant was put on an international wanted list.
16. On 19 July 2006 the investigation in the applicant's case was suspended as the applicant was at large.
17. On 13 March 2008 the Tajik Prosecutor General's Office severed the applicant's case from Mr M.'s criminal case. The decision read, in so far as relevant, as follows:
"At the beginning of August 1997 [Mr M.], taking advantage of the unstable situation in Tajikistan, created an illegal armed group to attack legal entities and private individuals; the group was active until the end of August 1997.
...
At the beginning of August 1997 Mr Khaydarov was a voluntary member of the illegal armed group and participated in armed hostilities.
On 9 and 10 August 1997, after officers of law-enforcement agencies had entered the territory of the Shakhrinavskiy District, Mr M.'s armed group fled the district territory and left Tajikistan."
C. Extradition proceedings
18. On 18 April 2008 the Tajik Prosecutor General's Office sent a request for the applicant's extradition to the Russian Prosecutor General's Office, stating that in August 1997 the applicant had been a member of Mr M.'s illegal armed group.
19. On 24 April 2008 the Russian Prosecutor General's Office received a request by the Tajik Prosecutor General's Office to extradite the applicant.
20. On 13 June 2008 the Tajik Prosecutor General's Office sent the Russian Prosecutor General's Office additional documents stating that the applicant had participated in Mr M.'s group which had fought the government troops, and that he had borne arms and had manned the checkpoint in the village of Tajikistan.
21. On 20 November 2008 the Russian Prosecutor General's Office ordered the applicant's extradition to Tajikistan. The decision read, inter alia, as follows:
"The actions of [Mr] M. Khaydarov are punishable under the Russian criminal law and correspond to Article 209 § 2 of the Russian Criminal Code (participation in a gang), which provides for a sanction in a form of imprisonment for more than one year.
...No
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