rson "against whom action is being taken with a view to deportation or extradition" and that his detention fell under Article 5 § 1 (f). The parties dispute, however, whether this detention was "lawful" within the meaning of Article 5 § 1 of the Convention,
66. Where the "lawfulness" of detention is in issue, including the question whether "a procedure prescribed by law" has been followed, the Convention refers essentially to national law and lays down the obligation to conform to the substantive and procedural rules thereof. Compliance with national law is not, however, sufficient: Article 5 § 1 requires in addition that any deprivation of liberty should be in keeping with the purpose of protecting the individual from arbitrariness (see Erkalo v. the Netherlands, 2 September 1998, § 52, Reports 1998-VI; Steel and Others v. the United Kingdom, 23 September 1998, § 54, Reports 1998-VII; and Saadi, cited above, § 67).
67. Although it is in the first place for the national authorities, notably the courts, to interpret and apply domestic law, under Article 5 § 1 failure to comply with domestic law entails a breach of the Convention and the Court can and should therefore review whether this law has been complied with (see Benham v. the United Kingdom, 10 June 1996, § 41, Reports 1996-III; {Jecius} v. Lithuania, No. 34578/97, § 68, ECHR 2000-IX; and Ladent v. Poland, No. 11036/03, § 47, ECHR 2008-... (extracts)).
68. Turning to the circumstances of the present case, the Court observes that the applicant's initial placement in custody was ordered, on 29 January 2007, by the inter-district prosecutor's office on the basis of the provisions of the Minsk Convention. The Court also notes that, although the decision of 29 January 2007 contained no reference to Article 466 § 2 of the CCP, the prosecutor's authority under domestic law to decide on the applicant's placement in custody without a Russian court order must have derived from that provision (see paragraph 38 above).
69. The Court points out that neither Article 61 of the Minsk Convention nor Article 466 § 2 of the CCP stipulate any rules on procedure to be followed when choosing a preventive measure in respect of a person whose extradition is sought, or any time-limits for his or her detention pending extradition.
70. The Court observes in this respect that by the time of the applicant's placement in custody the Russian Constitutional Court had already proclaimed that in extradition proceedings the right to liberty should be attended by the same guarantees as in other types of criminal proceedings. It unambiguously indicated that the application of preventive measures with a view to extradition should be governed not only by Article 466 but also by the norms on preventive measures contained in Chapter 13 of the CCP (see paragraph 43 above).
71. Furthermore, the Government confirmed that the applicant's detention pending extradition had been governed by Chapter 13 of the CCP, among other provisions.
72. In such circumstances the Court considers that, in order to be "lawful" within the meaning of Article 5 § 1 (f) of the Convention, the applicant's detention should be compatible not only with the requirements of Article 466 § 2 but also with the provisions governing application of a preventive measure in the form of placement in custody, namely Articles 108 and 109, which are included in Chapter 13 of the CCP.
73. Article 108 § 4 of the CCP expressly provides that an issue of placement in custody is to be decided upon by a judge of a district or military court in the presence of the person concerned. It follows from the wording of Article 5 § 48 and Article 31 § 2 of the CCP that a district court is a court authorised to act on the basis of the Russian Code of Criminal Procedure, which implies that the term "district court" refers to a court established and operating un
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