force. [The applicant] had voluntarily agreed to come [to the police station] with the officers. At [the police station] [M.] talked to [the applicant] briefly until Investigator B. was available [to question him]. However, [M.] did not apply physical or mental pressure [to the applicant], he did not humiliate or debase him as he was not personally or professionally interested in finding [the applicant] guilty because [M.] did not know the applicant and the cases he dealt with did not involve [him]. He was only assigned to conduct a search at [the applicant's] flat. [Senior officer] U. confirmed that he had sent his subordinates, including M., to arrest [the applicant], but had not talked to him himself.
According to Investigator B., she was in charge of the criminal case involving [the applicant]... On 9 March 1999 she ordered his arrest... He was brought [to the police station] by police officers... She did not see any injuries on him. Nor did he complain to her that he had been beaten on the way to the [police station]. In her presence none of the police officers of the department had pressured [the applicant physically or mentally]... The prosecutor refused to authorise his detention and [the applicant] was released on a written undertaking not to leave the town...
According to a report from the temporary detention unit where [the applicant] was held from 9 to 11 March 1999, he did not request medical assistance and did not have any bodily injuries...
An excerpt from the [the applicant's] medical file states that on 15 March 1999 he consulted a general practitioner complaining that he had been beaten at [the police station] on 10 March 1999... However, it is impossible to establish beyond reasonable doubt that the applicant's injuries were caused by the police officers. On 10 March 1999 the applicant was held at the temporary detention unit... and did not ask for medical assistance. Furthermore, he was released from the temporary detention unit on 11 March 1999, but he did not consult [the doctors] until 15 March 1999, that is, four days later. During that period he could have been injured in different circumstances...
The applicant's allegations are not consistent with the findings of the inquiry. This indicates that the applicant is trying to mislead the prosecutor's office and the court with regard to his guilt."
17. The prosecutor also dismissed as unfounded the applicant's complaint that he was handcuffed on the night of 27 April 1999.
D. The trial
18. In September 1999 the Oktyabrskiy District Court in Kirov opened the trial. The applicant maintained his innocence and alleged, inter alia, that the police officers had used unlawful investigation methods to make him and other defendants confess to the crimes, which resulted in the false testimonies against him given by other defendants.
19. On 23 November 1999 the District Court found the applicant guilty of robbery and theft and sentenced him to twelve years' imprisonment. The court dismissed the applicant's allegations that he had been subjected to beatings and unlawful investigation methods while in police custody, stating as follows:
"The court cannot accept the allegations made by defendants K., O. and [the applicant] that police officers subjected them to psychological or physical pressure during the investigation. As pointed out earlier, the prosecutor's office conducted thorough inquiries in respect of the actions of the police officers, and the [defendants'] allegations proved to be unfounded... Furthermore, the court questioned officers Sh., U., M. and [investigator] B., who had been involved in the criminal investigation. They testified to the court that they had not subjected the defendants to any unlawful treatment. The Court has no reason to doubt their testimonies, given that they... had been w
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