before a specified date or before the occurrence of a specified event. Except where a bill must be presented for acceptance under paragraph 2 (b) or (c) of article 49, the drawer may stipulate that it must not be presented for acceptance.
2.- If a bill is presented for acceptance notwithstanding a stipulation permitted under paragraph 1 of this article and acceptance is refused, the bill is not thereby dishonoured.
3.- If the drawee accepts a bill notwithstanding a stipulation that it must not be presented for acceptance, the acceptance is effective.
Article 51
A bill is duly presented for acceptance if it is presented in accordance with the following rules:
(a) The holder must present the bill to the drawee on a business day at a reasonable hour;
(b) Presentment for acceptance may be made to a person or authority other than the drawee if that person or authority is entitled under the applicable law to accept the bill;
(c) If a bill is payable on a fixed date, presentment for acceptance must be made before or on that date;
(d) A bill payable on demand or at a fixed period after sight must be presented for acceptance within one year of its date;
(e) A bill in which the drawer has stated a date or time-limit for presentment for acceptance must be presented on the stated date or within the stated time-limit.
Article 52
1.- A necessary or optional presentment for acceptance is dispensed with if:
(a) The drawee is dead, or no longer has the power freely to deal with his assets by reason of his insolvency, or is a fictitious person, or is a person not having capacity to incur liability on the instrument as an acceptor; or
(b) The drawee is a corporation, partnership, association or other legal entity which has ceased to exist.
2.- A necessary presentment for acceptance is dispensed with if:
(a) A bill is payable on a fixed date, and presentment for acceptance cannot be effected before or on that date due to circumstances which are beyond the control of the holder and which he could neither avoid nor overcome; or
(b) A bill is payable at a fixed period after sight, and presentment for acceptance cannot be effected within one year of its date due to circumstances which are beyond the control of the holder and which he could neither avoid nor overcome.
3.- Subject to paragraphs 1 and 2 of this article, delay in a necessary presentment for acceptance is excused, but presentment for acceptance is not dispensed with, if the bill is drawn with a stipulation that it must be presented for acceptance within a stated time-limit, and the delay in presentment for acceptance is caused by circumstances which are beyond the control of the holder and which he could neither avoid nor overcome. When the cause of the delay ceases to operate, presentment must be made with reasonable diligence.
Article 53
1.- If a bill which must be presented for acceptance is not so presented, the drawer, the endorsers and their guarantors are not liable on the bill.
2.- Failure to present a bill for acceptance does not discharge the guarantor of the drawee of liability on the bill.
Article 54
1.- A bill is considered to be dishonoured by non-acceptance:
(a) If the drawee, upon due presentment, expressly refuses to accept the bill or acceptance cannot be obtained with reasonable diligence or if the holder cannot obtain the acceptance to which he is entitled under this Convention;
(b) If presentment for acceptance is dispensed with pursuant to article 52, unless the bill is in fact accepted.
2.- (a) If a bill is dishonoured by non-acceptance in accordance with paragraph 1 (a) of this article, the holder may exercise an immediate right of
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