its relevant part, the rule of law to be part of the common heritage of the Contracting States. One of the fundamental aspects of the rule of law is the principle of legal certainty, which requires, among other things, that where the courts have finally determined an issue, their ruling should not be called into question (see {Brumarescu} v. Romania, judgment of 28 October 1999, Reports of Judgments and Decisions 1999-VII, § 61).
45. This principle insists that no party is entitled to seek re-opening of the proceedings merely for the purpose of a rehearing and a fresh decision of the case. Higher courts' power to quash or alter binding and enforceable judicial decisions should be exercised for correction of fundamental defects. The mere possibility of two views on the subject is not a ground for re-examination. Departures from that principle are justified only when made necessary by circumstances of a substantial and compelling character (see, mutatis mutandis, Ryabykh v. Russia, No. 52854/99, § 52, ECHR 2003-X; and Pravednaya v. Russia, No. 69529/01, § 25, 18 November 2004).
46. The Court reiterates that Article 6 § 1 secures to everyone the right to have any claim relating to his civil rights and obligations brought before a court or tribunal. In this way it embodies the "right to a court", of which the right of access, that is the right to institute proceedings before courts in civil matters, constitutes one aspect. However, that right would be illusory if a Contracting State's domestic legal system allowed a final and binding judicial decision to be quashed by a higher court on an application made by a State official whose power to lodge such an application is not subject to any time-limit, with the result that the judgments were liable to challenge indefinitely (see Ryabykh, cited above, §§ 54 - 56).
47. The Court observes that on 17 December 2001 the Zheleznodorozniy District Court granted the applicant's application and awarded him USD 30,919.40 representing the judgment debt owed to him by the Bank. The judgment became binding and enforceable on 19 February 2002, when the Voronezh Regional Court upheld it on appeal. On 15 May 2002 that judgment was quashed by way of supervisory review initiated by the Voronezh Regional Prosecutor who was a State official but not a party to the proceedings (see paragraph 22 above).
48. The Court has found a violation of an applicant's "right to a court" guaranteed by Article 6 § 1 of the Convention in many cases in which a judicial decision that had become final and binding, was subsequently quashed by a higher court on an application by a State official whose power to intervene was not subject to any time-limit (see Roseltrans v. Russia, No. 60974/00, §§ 27 - 28, 21 July 2005; Volkova v. Russia, No. 48758/99, §§ 34 - 36, 5 April 2005; and Ryabykh, cited above, §§ 51 - 56).
49. Having examined the materials submitted to it, the Court observes that the Government have not put forward any fact or argument capable of persuading it to reach a different conclusion in the present case. Accordingly, the Court finds that there has been a violation of Article 6 § 1 of the Convention on account of the quashing of the judgment given in the applicant's case by way of supervisory-review proceedings.
2. Article 1 of Protocol No. 1
(a) Admissibility
50. The Court observes that the applicant's complaint under Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 is not manifestly ill-founded within the meaning of Article 35 § 3 of the Convention and is not inadmissible on any other grounds. It must therefore be declared admissible.
(b) Merits
51. The Court reiterates that the existence of a debt confirmed by a binding and enforceable judgment constitutes the judgment beneficiary's "possession" within the meaning of Article 1 of Protocol No. 1. Quashing of such a judgment am
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